The Additive-Subtractive Process Chain - a Review
 
More details
Hide details
1
Institute for Machine Tools - IfW, University of Stuttgart, Germany
 
 
Submission date: 2022-12-09
 
 
Final revision date: 2023-03-08
 
 
Acceptance date: 2023-03-10
 
 
Online publication date: 2023-03-15
 
 
Publication date: 2023-04-12
 
 
Corresponding author
Hans-Christian Moehring   

Institute for Machine Tools - IfW, University of Stuttgart, Holzgartenstr. 17, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany
 
 
Journal of Machine Engineering 2023;23(1):5-35
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
In recent years, metal additive manufacturing developed intensively and became a relevant technology in industrial production of highly complex and function integrated parts. However, almost all additively manufactured parts must be post-processed in order to fulfil geometric tolerances, surface quality demands and the desired functional properties. Thus, additive manufacturing actually means the implementation of additive-subtractive process chains. Starting with the most relevant additive processes (powder-based PBF-LB, LMD-p and wire-based WAAM and LMD-w/WLAM), considering intermediate process steps (heat treatment and shot peening) and ending up with post-processing material removal processes (with defined and undefined cutting edges), this paper gives an overview of recent research findings with respect to a comprehensive scientific investigation of influences and interactions within the additive-subtractive process chain. This includes both the macroscopic geometric scale and the microscopic scale of the material structure. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives are derived and discussed.
 
REFERENCES (218)
1.
THOMPSON M.K. et al.: Design for Additive Manufacturing: Trends, Opportunities, Considerations, and Constraints, 2016, CIRP Annals, 65/2, 737–760.
 
2.
SCHMIDT M., MERKLEIN M., BOURELL D., DIMITROV D., HAUSOTTE T., WEGENER K., OVERMEYER L., VOLLERTSEN F., LEVY G.N., 2017, Laser Based Additive Manufacturing in Industry and Academia, CIRP Annals, 66/2, 561–583.
 
3.
JANKOVICS D.; BARARI A., 2019, Customization of Automotive Structural Components Using Additive Manufacturing and Topology Optimization, IFAC PapersOnLine, 52-10, 212–217.
 
4.
BARTOLO P., et al., 2012, Biomedical Production of Implants by Additive Electro-Chemical and Physical Processes, CIRP Annals Manuf. Techn., 61, 635–655.
 
5.
ELAHINIA M.H. et al., 2012, Manufacturing and Processing of NiTi Implants, Prog. Mat. Sci., 57, 911–946.
 
6.
CHEN R.K., JIN Y.-A., WENSMAN J., SHIH A., 2016, Additive Manufacturing of Custom Orthoses and Prostheses – A Review, Additive Manuf., 12, 77–89.
 
7.
LI Y., JAHR H., ZHOU J., ZADPOOR A.A., 2020, Additively Manufactured Biodegradable Porous Metals, Acta Biomaterialia, 115, 29–50.
 
8.
SINGH S., RAMAKRISHNA S., SINGH R., 2017, Material Issues in Additive Manufacturing – A Review, J. of Manuf. Proc. 25, 185–200.
 
9.
BLAKEY-MILNER B., et al., 2021, Metal Additive Manufacturing in Aerospace – A Review, Materials & Design, 209.
 
10.
ULLAH A.M.M.S., KIUNO H., KUBO A., D’ADDONA D.M., 2020, A System for Designing and 3D Printing of Porous Structures, CIRP Annals 69, 113-116.
 
11.
WEI C., LI L., ZHANG X., CHUEH Y.-H., 2018, 3D Printing of Multiple Metallic Materials via Modified Selective Laser Melting, CIRP Annals 67, 245–248.
 
12.
HORN M. et al., 2020, Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing – Recycling of Binary Metal Powder Mixtures by Screening, Proc. CIRP, 93, 50–55.
 
13.
MULLER P., HASCOET J.-Y., MOGNOL P., 2014, Toolpaths for Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) Parts, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 20/6, 511–522.
 
14.
CHOY S.Y., SUN C.N., LEONG K.F., TAN K.E., WEI J., 2016, Functionally Graded Material by Additive Manufacturing, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Progress, Additive Manufacturing, (Pro‑AM), 206–211, ISSN: 2424–8967.
 
15.
SCHNECK M., HORN M., SCHMITT M., SEIDEL C., SCHLICK G., REINHART G., 2021, Review on Additive Hybrid‑ and Multi‑Material‑Manufacturing of Metals by Powder Bed Fusion: State of Technology and Development Potential, Progress in Additive Manufacturing, 6, 881–894.
 
16.
CHEN Y., LIOU F., 2018, Additive Manufacturing of Metal Functionally Graded Materials: A Review. Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 1215–1231.
 
17.
LI Y., FENG Z., HAO L., HUANG L., XIN C., WANG Y., BILOTTI E., ESSA K., ZHANG H., LI Z., YAN F., PEIJS T., 2020, A Review on Functionally Graded Materials and Structures via Additive Manufacturing: From Multi-Scale Design to Versatile Functional Properties, Adv. Mater. Technol., 5, 1900981.
 
18.
HASANOV S., ALKUNTE S., RAJESHIRKE M., GUPTA A., HUSEYNOV O., FIDAN I., ALIFUI-SEGBAYA F., RENNIE A., 2022, Review on Additive Manufacturing of Multi-Material Parts: Progress and Challenges, J. Manuf. Mater. Process., 6, 4.
 
19.
JAVAID, M. et al., 2021, Role of Additive Manufacturing Applications Towards Environmental Sustainability, Adv. Ind. and Eng. Polymer Res., 4/4, October, 312–322.
 
20.
SOSHI M., et al.: 2017, Innovative Grid Molding and Cooling Using an Additive and Subtractive Hybrid CNC Machine Tool, CIRP Annals-Manuf. Techn., 66, 401–404.
 
21.
LAKNER T., BERGS T., DÖBBELER B., 2019, Additively Manufactured Milling Tool with Focused Cutting Fluid Supply, Proc. CIRP, 81, 464–469.
 
22.
SYAM W.P., et al., 2018, Design and Analysis of Strut-Based Lattice Structures for Vibration Isolation, Prec. Eng., 52, 494–506.
 
23.
MALIARIS G,. et al., 2021, Novel Additively Manufactured Bio-Inspired 3D Structures for Impact Energy Damping, CIRP Annals, 70, 199–202.
 
24.
LEHMHUS D., et al., 2016, Customized Smartness: A Survey on Links Between Additive Manufacturing and Sensor Integration, Proc. Techn., 26, 284 – 301.
 
25.
TOMAZ I., et al., 2021, The Development of a Smart Additively Manufactured Part with an Embedded Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor, Additive Manuf. Letters, 1, 100004.
 
26.
HIRTLER M., et al., 2020, A Study on the Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Parts Manufactured by Forging and Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Proc. Manuf. 47, 1141–1148.
 
27.
LEVY G.N., SCHINDEL R., KRUTH J.P., 2003, Rapid Manufacturing and Rapid Tooling with Layer Manufacturing (LM) Technologies, State of the Art and Future Perspectives, CIRP Annals, 52/2, 589–609.
 
28.
SANTOS E.C., et al., 2006, Rapid Manufacturing of Metal Components by Laser Forming, Int. J. of Machine Tools and Manu-facture, 46/12–13, 1459–1468.
 
29.
BOURELL D., et al., 2017, Materials for Additive Manufacturing, CIRP Annals, 66, 659–681.
 
30.
TOFAIL S.A.M. et al., 2018, Additive Manufacturing: Scientific and Technological Challenges, Market Uptake and Opportunities, Materials Today, 21/1, January/February.
 
31.
MOSTAFAEI A. et al., 2021, Binder Jet 3D Printing–Process Parameters, Materials, Properties, Modeling, and Challenges, Prog. Mat. Sci. 119, 100707.
 
32.
KAMPKER A., et al., 2019, Reviw On Machine Designs of Material Extrusion Based Additive Manufacturing (AM) Systems – Status Quo and Potential Analysis for Future AM Systems, Proc. CIRP, 81, 815–819.
 
33.
BARTOLO P.J., GASPAR J., 2008, Metal Filled Resin for Stereolithography Metal Part, CIRP Annals 57, 235–238.
 
34.
SHAHRUBUDIN N., LEE T.C., RAMLAN R., 2019, An Overview on 3D Printing Technology: Technological, Materials, and Applications, Proc. Manuf., 35, 1286–1296.
 
35.
GONG G., et al., 2021, Research Status of Laser Additive Manufacturing for Metal: A Review, J. of Mat. Res. Techn., 15, 855–884.
 
36.
SCHMIDT M., POHLE D., RECHTENWALD T., 2007, Selective Laser Sintering of PEEK, Annals of the CIRP, 56/1, 205-208.
 
37.
GOODRIDGE R.D., TUCK C.J., HAGUE R.J.M., 2012, Laser Sintering of Polyamides and Other Polymers, Prog. Mat. Sci., 57, 229–267.
 
38.
Van de WERKEN N., et al., 2020, Additively Manufactured Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites: State of the Art and Perspective, Additive Manuf. 31, 100962.
 
39.
LAKHDAR Y., et al., 2021, Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Prog. Mat. Sci., 116, 100736.
 
40.
ABOULKHAIR N.T. et al., 2019, 3D Printing of Aluminium Alloys: Additive Manufacturing of Aluminium Alloys Using Selective Laser Melting, Prog. Mat. Sci. 106, 100578.
 
41.
MAUCHER C., CERA P., MÖHRING H.-C., 2022, Quantification and Surface Analysis on Blasting of PBF-LB Additively Manufactured Components, Proc. CIRP, 108, 560–565.
 
42.
GRZESIK W., RUSZAJ A., 2021, Hybrid Manufacturing Processes – Physical Fundamentals, Modelling and Rational Applications, Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing, ISBN 978-3-030-77106-5.
 
43.
GRZESIK W., 2018, Hybrid Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing Processes and Systems: A Review, Journal of Machine Engineering, 18/4, 5–24.
 
44.
FLYNN J.M., SHOKRANI A., NEWMAN S.T., DHOKIA V., 2016, Hybrid Additive and Subtractive Machine Tools – Research and Industrial Developments, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 101, 79–101.
 
45.
BINELI A.R R., et al., 2011, Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS): Technology for Design And Construction of Microreactors, 6 Brazilian conference on manufacturing engineering, 11 – 15 April, Caxias do Sul.
 
46.
KLOCKE F., et al., 2018, State-of-the-art Laser Additive Manufacturing for Hot-work Tool Steels, Proc. CIRP, 63, 58–63.
 
47.
WANG F., et al., 2012, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International, 44A, 968–977.
 
48.
KRUTH J.P., LEU M.C., NAKAGAWA T., 1998, Progress in Additive Manufacturing and Rapid Prototyping, Annals of the CIRP, 47/2, 525–540.
 
49.
JAFARI D., VANEKER T.H.J., GIBSON I., 2021, Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing: Opportunities and Challenges to CONTROL the Quality and Accuracy of Manufactured Parts, Materials and Design, 202, 109471.
 
50.
PRAGANA J.P.M. et al., 2021, Hybrid Metal Additive Manufacturing: A state–of–the-art review, Adv. Ind. and Manuf. Eng., 2, 100032.
 
51.
DING D., et al., 2015, Wire-Feed Additive Manufacturing of Metal Components: Technologies, Developments and Future Interests, The Int. J. of Adv. Manuf. Techn.,. 81/1–4, 465–481.
 
52.
TABERNERO I., et al., 2018, Study on Arc Welding Processes for High Deposition Rate Additive Manufacturing, Proc. CIRP, 68, 358–362.
 
53.
MERTENS R., et al., 2016, Influence of Powder Bed Preheating on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of H13 Tool Steel SLM Parts, Physics. Proc., 83, 882–890.
 
54.
DEBROY T., et al., 2018, Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components – Process, Structure and Properties. Prog. Mat. Sci. 92, 112–224.
 
55.
GUO P., et al., 2017, Study on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Machinability of Efficiently Additive Manufactured AISI 316L Stainless Steel by High-Power Direct Laser Deposition, J. of Mat. Proc. Techn., 240.
 
56.
LI C., et al., 2018, Residual Stress in Metal Additive Manufacturing, Proc. CIRP, 71, 348–353.
 
57.
BRUSCHI S., BERTOLINI R., GHIOTTI A., 2017, Coupling Machining and Heat Treatment to Enhance the Wear Behaviour of an Additive Manufactured Ti6Al4V titanium alloy, Tribology Int., 116, 58–68.
 
58.
CAPRIO L., et al., 2020, Defect-Free Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb with a High Temperature Inductive Preheating System, J. Phys. Photonics, 2, 024001.
 
59.
NICKEL A., BARNETT D., PRINZ F., 2001, Thermal Stresses and Deposition Patterns In Layered Manufacturing, Mat. Sci. and Eng., 317/1–2, 59–64.
 
60.
MUGHAL M., FAWAD H., MUFTI R., 2006, Finite Element Prediction of Thermal Stresses and Deformations in Layered Manufacturing of Metallic Parts, Acta mechanica, 183/1–2, 61–79.
 
61.
KLINGBEIL N.W., et al., 2002, Residual Stress-Induced Warping in Direct Metal Solid Freeform Fabrication, Int. J. of Mech. Sci., 44/1, 57–77.
 
62.
QIU C., et al., 2015, Fabrication of Large Ti–6Al–4V Structures by Direct Laser Deposition, Alloys & Comp., 629.
 
63.
COLEGROVE P.A. et al., 2013, Microstructure and Residual Stress Improvement in Wire and Arc Additively Manufactured Parts Through High-Pressure Rolling, J. of Mat. Proc. Techn., 213/10, 1782–1791.
 
64.
BRANDL E., et al., 2011, Deposition of Ti–6Al–4V Using Laser and Wire, Part II: Hardness and Dimensions of Single Beads, Surface and Coatings Techn., 206/6, 1130–1141.
 
65.
LIBERINI M., et al., 2017, Selection of Optimal Process Parameters for Wire arc Additive Manufacturing, Proc. CIRP, 62, 470–474.
 
66.
KOK Y., et al., 2018, Anisotropy and Heterogeneity of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Critical Review, Materials and Design, 139, 565–586.
 
67.
BUCHANAN C., et al., 2017, Structural Performance of Additive Manufactured Metallic Material and Cross-Sections, J. of Const. Steel Res., 136, 35–48.
 
68.
MOLAEI R., FATEMI A., 2018, Fatigue Design with Additive Manufactured Metals: Issues to Consider and Perspective for Future Research, Proc. Eng., 213, 5–16.
 
69.
CLARK N., et al., 2018, Particle Size Characterization of Metals Powders for Additive Manufacturing Using a Microwave Sensor, Powder Techn., 327, 536–543.
 
70.
KUMBHAR N.N., MULAY A.V., 2016, Post Processing Methods Used to Improve Surface Finish of Products which are Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Review, J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C. The Institution of Engineers (India).
 
71.
DANTAN J.-Y. et al., 2017, Geometrical Variations Management for Additive Manufactured Product, CIRP Annals, 66, 161–164.
 
72.
NEWMAN S.T., et al., 2015, Process Planning for Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing Technologies, CIRP Annals, 64, 467–470.
 
73.
AGARWALA M., BOURELL D., BEAMAN J., MARCUS H., BARLOW J., Post-Processing of Selective Laser Sintered Metal Parts, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 1/2, 1995, 36–44.
 
74.
POLISHETTY A., et al., 2017, Cutting Force and Surface Finish Analysis of Machining Additive Manufactured Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V, Proc. Manuf., 7, 284–289.
 
75.
AURICH J., et al., 2017, Schleifende Nachbearbeitung Additiv Gefertigter Austenitischer Edelstähle, ZWF Jahrg. 112/7–8, 473–476, Carl Hanser Verlag, München.
 
76.
CHEN F., et al., 201, A Review on Recent Advances in Machining Methods Based on Abrasive Jet Polishing (AJP), Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 90, 785–799.
 
77.
SATO T., YEO S.H., ZAREPOUR H., 2015, Loose Abrasive Machining. In: Nee, A.Y.C.. Handbook of Manuf. Eng. and Techn., Springer-Verlag London.
 
78.
KUMAR S., HIREMATH S.S., 2016, A Review on Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Proc. Techn., 25, 1297–1304.
 
79.
AURICH J., et al., 2017, Zerspanung von Additiv Hergestelltem Edelstahl – Vergleich von Additiv Mit Konventionell Hergestelltem Edelstahl Hinsichtlich Spanbildung, Prozess- und Prozessergebnisgrößen, ZWF Jahrg., 112/7–8, 465–468, Carl Hanser Verlag, München.
 
80.
MONTEVECCHI F. et al., 2016, Cutting Forces Analysis in Additive Manufactured AISI H13 Alloy, Proc. CIRP, 46.
 
81.
SARTORI S.. et al., 2016, The Influence of Material Properties on the Tool Crater Wear when Machining Ti6Al4V produced by Additive Manufacturing technologies, Proc. CIRP, 46, 587–590.
 
82.
ISAEV A., et al., 2016, Machining of Thin-Walled Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing Technologies, Proc. CIRP, 41, 1023–1026.
 
83.
ZAEH M.F., BRANNER G., 2010, Investigations on Residual Stresses and Deformations in Selective Laser Melting, Prod. Eng. Res. Devel., 4, 35–45.
 
84.
MILTON S., et al., 2016, Influence of Finish Machining on the Surface Integrity of Ti6Al4V Produced by Selective Laser Melting, Proc. CIRP, 45, 127–130.
 
85.
OYELOLA O., et al., 2016, Machining of Additively Manufactured Parts: Implications for Surface Integrity, Proc. CIRP, 45, 119–122.
 
86.
LIU J., WANG X., WANG Y., 2017, A Complete Study on Satellite Thruster Structure (STS) Manufactured by a Hybrid Manufacturing (HM) Process with Integration of Additive and Subtractive Manufacture, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 92, 4367–4377.
 
87.
NICOLETTO, G., 2018, Efficient Determination of Influence Factors in Fatigue of Additive Manufactured Metals, Proc. Structural Integrity, 8, 184–191.
 
88.
BLEICHER F., KUMPF C., 2017, Schwingungsunterstützte Zerspanung, in Spanende Fertigung: Prozesse, Innovationen, Werkstoffe, 7 Auflage, D. Biermann, Hrsg, Vulkan Verlag GmbH, 37–47.
 
89.
SUÁREZ A., et al., 2016, Effects of Ultrasonics-Assisted Face Milling on Surface Integrity and Fatigue Life of Ni-Alloy 718, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., Bd., 25/11, 5076–5086.
 
90.
BARTHELMÄ F., LUTZE S., 2017, Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen Schwer Spanbarer Werkstoffe, 2 Wissenschaftliches Forum zur ULTRASONIC-Bearbeitung, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, Jena.
 
91.
DU W., BAI Q., ZHANG B., 2018, Machining Characteristics of 18Ni-300 Steel in Additive/Subtractive Hybrid Manufacturing, The Int. J. of Adv. Manuf. Techn., 95, 2509–2519.
 
92.
EVERTON S.K., et al., 2016, Review of in-Situ Process Monitoring and in-situ Metrology for Metal Additive Manufacturing, Materials and Design, 95, 431–445.
 
93.
TETI R., et al., 2010, Advanced Monitoring of Machining Operations, CIRP Annals, 59/2, 717–739.
 
94.
LE V.T., PARIS H., MANDIL G., 2017, Environmental Impact Assessment of an Innovative Strategy Based on an Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing Combination, J. of Cleaner Prod., 164, 508e523.
 
95.
PARIS H., et al., 2016, Comparative Environmental Impacts of Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing Technologies, CIRP Annals, 65, 29–32.
 
96.
HÄLLGREN S., PEJRYD L., EKENGREN J., 2016, Additive Manufacturing and High Speed Machining -Cost Comparison of Short Lead Time Manufacturing Methods, Proc. CIRP, 50, 384–389.
 
97.
BAUMERS M., et al., 2016, The Cost of Additive Manufacturing: Machine Productivity, Economies of Scale and Technology-Push, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 102, 193–201.
 
98.
JACKSON M.A., et al., 2016, A Comparison of Energy Consumption in Wire-Based and Powder-Based Additive-Subtractive Manufacturing, Proc. Manuf., 5, 989–1005.
 
99.
YOON H.-S., et al., A Comparison of Energy Consumption in Bulk Forming, Subtractive, and Additive Processes: Review and Case Study, Int. J. of Prec. Eng. and Manuf. Green. Techn., 1/3, 261–279.
 
100.
REJESKI D., ZHAO F., HUANG Y., 2018, Research Needs and Recommendations on Environmental Implications of Additive Manufacturing, Additive Manuf. 19 21–28.
 
101.
YANG S., ZHAO Y.F., 2015, Additive Manufacturing-Enabled Design Theory and Methodology: A Critical Review, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 80, 327–342.
 
102.
ZHU J., et al., 2021, A Review of Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing: Status and Challenges, Chinese J. of Aeronautics, 34/1, 91–110.
 
103.
PLOCHER J., PANESAR A., 2019, Review on Design and Structural Optimisation in Additive Manufacturing: Towards Next-Generation Lightweight Structures, Materials and Design, 183, 108164.
 
104.
GAN Z., et al., 2019, Data-Driven Microstructure and Microhardness Design in Additive Manufacturing Using a Self-Organizing Map, Engineering, 5, 730–735.
 
105.
KEIST J.S., PALMER T.A., 2016, Role of Geometry on Properties of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Structures Fabricated Using Laser Based Directed Energy Deposition, Materials and Design, 106, 482–494.
 
106.
PARTHASARATHY J., STARLY B., RAMAN S., 2011, A Design for the Additive Manufacture of Functionally Graded Porous Structures with Tailored Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications, J. of Manuf. Proc., 13, 160–170.
 
107.
MIRZENDEHDEL A., SURESH K., 2016, Support Structure Constrained Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing, Computer-Aided Design, 81, 1–13.
 
108.
MASS Y., AMIR O., 2017, Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing: Accounting for Overhang Limitations Using a Virtual Skeleton, Additive Manuf., 18, 58–73.
 
109.
MOEHRING H.-C., BECKER D., MAUCHER C., EISSELER R., RINGGER J., 2022, Influence of the Support Structure on the Bandsawing Process when Separating LPBF Components from the Building Platform, J. of Mach. Eng., 33/3, 19–30.
 
110.
Mc CONAHA M., VENUGOPAL V., ANAND S., 2020, Integration of Machine Tool Accessibility of Support Structures with Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing, Proc. Manuf., 48, 634–642.
 
111.
LEBAAL N., et al., 2019, Optimised Lattice Structure Configuration for Additive Manufacturing, CIRP Annals, 68/1, 117–120.
 
112.
VANEKER T., et al., 2020, Design for Additive Manufacturing: Framework and Methodology, CIRP Annals, 69/2, 578–599.
 
113.
ZHU Z., et al., 2018, Machine Learning in Tolerancing for Additive Manufacturing, CIRP Annal, 67/1, 157–160.
 
114.
KONO D., et al., 2018, Effects of Cladding Path on Workpiece Geometry and Impact Toughness in Directed Energy Deposition of 316L Stainless Steel, CIRP Annals, 67/1, 233–236.
 
115.
ROMBOUTS M., et al., 2013, Surface Finish After Laser Metal Deposition, Physics Proc., 41, 810–814.
 
116.
SOSHI M., ODUM K., LI G., 2019, Investigation of Novel Trochoidal Toolpath Strategies for Productive and Efficient Directed Energy Deposition Processes, CIRP Annals, 68/1, 241–244.
 
117.
LI Y., et al., 2021, Stress-Oriented 3D Printing Path Optimization Based on Image Processing Algorithms for Reinforced Load-Bearing Parts, CIRP Annals, 70/1, 195–198.
 
118.
PLAKHOTNIK D.; et al., 2019, CAM Planning for Multi-Axis Laser Additive Manufacturing Considering Collisions, CIRP Annals, 68/1, 447–450.
 
119.
ZHANG Y., et al., 2021, A Toolpath-Based Layer Construction Method for Designing & Printing Porous Structure, CIRP Annals, 70/1, 23–126.
 
120.
MAUCHER C., TEICH H., MÖHRING H.-C., 2021, Improving Machinability of Additively Manufactured Components with Selectively Weakened Material, Prod. Eng., 15, 535–544.
 
121.
CHEN N., FRANK M., 2019, Process Planning for Hybrid Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing to Integrate Machining and Directed Energy Deposition, Proc. Manuf., 34. 205–213.
 
122.
McGREGOR D.J., et al., 2021, Analyzing Part Accuracy and Sources of Variability for Additively Manufactured Lattice Parts Made on Multiple Printers, Additive Manuf., 40, 101924.
 
123.
OBEIDI M.A., et al., 2021, Comparison of the Porosity and Mechanical Performance of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured on Different Laser Powder Bed Fusion Metal Additive Manufacturing Machines, J. of Mat. Res. Techn.. 13, July–August, 2361–2374.
 
124.
KOVALENKO, V. et al., 2016, Development of Multichannel Gas-powder Feeding System Coaxial with Laser Beam, Proc. CIRP, 42, 96–100.
 
125.
KRUTH J.-P., et al., 1996, Basic Powder Metallurgical Aspects in Selective Metal Powder Sintering, Annals of the CIRP,. 45/1, 183–186.
 
126.
TAN J.H., WONG W.L.E., DALGARNO K.W., 2017, An Overview of Powder Granulometry on Feedstock and Part Performance in the Selective Laser Melting Process, Additive Manuf., 18, 228–255.
 
127.
GROSSWENDT F., et al., 2021, Impact of the Allowed Compositional Range of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel on Processability and Material Properties, Materials, 14, 4074.
 
128.
CHEN H., et al., 2017, Flow Behaviour of Powder Particles in Layering Process of Selective Laser Melting: Numerical Modelling and Experimental Verification Based on Discrete Element Method, Int. J. of Mach. T. Manuf., 123., 146–159.
 
129.
PINKERTON A.J., LI, L., 2003, Effects of Powder Geometry and Composition in Coaxial Laser Deposition of 316L Steel for Rapid Prototyping, CIRP Annals, 52/1, 181–184.
 
130.
KAKINUMA Y., et al., 2016, Influence of Metal Powder Characteristics on Product Quality with Directed Energy Deposition of Inconel 625, CIRP Annals, 65/1, 209–212.
 
131.
STAUCH A.L., UHLENWINKEL V., STEINBACHER M., GROSSWENDT F., RÖTTGER A., CHEHREH, A.B., WALTHER F., FECHTE-HEINEN R., 2021, Comparison of the Processability and Influence on the Microstructure of Different Starting Powder Blends for Laser Powder Bed Fusion of a Fe3.5Si1.5C Alloy, Metals, 11,7, https://doi.org/10.3390/met110....
 
132.
TARUTTIS A., et al., 2020, Laser Additive Manufacturing of Hot Work Tool Steel by Means of a Starting Powder Containing Partly Spherical Pure Elements and Ferroalloys, Proc CIRP, 94, 46–51.
 
133.
STERN F., et al., 2020, Influence of Powder Nitriding on the Mechanical Behavior of Laser-Powder Bed Fusion Processed Tool Steel X30CrMo7-2, Materials Testing, 62/1, 19–26.
 
134.
JACKSON M.A., et al., 2020, A Comparison of 316 L Stainless Steel Parts Manufactured by Directed Energy Deposition Using Gas-Atomized and Mechanically-Generated Feedstock, CIRP Annals, 69/1, 165–168.
 
135.
SENDINO S., MARTINEZ S., LAMIKIZ A., 2020, Characterization of IN718 Recycling Powder and its Effect on LPBF Manufactured Parts, Proc CIRP, 94, 227–232.
 
136.
KRUTH J.P., et al., 2007, Consolidation Phenomena in Laser and Powder-Bed Based Layered Manufacturing, Annals of the CIRP, 56/2, 730–759.
 
137.
ESCHNER E., STAUDT T., SCHMIDT M., 2020, Correlation of Spatter Behavior and Process Zone Formation in Powder Bed Fusion of Metals, CIRP Annals – Manufacturing Technology, 69, 209–212.
 
138.
OCYLOK S., et al., 2014, Correlations of Melt Pool Geometry and Process Parameters During Laser Metal Deposition by Coaxial Process Monitoring, Physics Proc., 56, 228–238.
 
139.
DÖRING M., BOUSSINOT G., HAGEN J.F., APEL M., KOHL S., SCHMIDT M., 2020, Scaling Melt Pool Geometry Over a Wide Range of Laser Scanning Speeds During Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion, Proc. CIRP, 94, 58–63.
 
140.
ZAEH M.F., OTT M., 2011, Investigations on Heat Regulation of Additive Manufacturing Processes for Metal Structures, CIRP Annals, 60/1, 259–262.
 
141.
MONTERO J., WEBER S., BLECKMANN M., PAETZOLD K., JÄGLE E.A., 2022, Determination of Bi-Dimensional Normal Residual Stress Distributions in Metallic Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion Parts, Mechanics of Materials, 173, 104437.
 
142.
MA M., et al., 2015, Layer Thickness Dependence of Performance in High-Power Selective laser Melting of 1Cr18Ni9Ti Stainless Steel, J. of Mat. Proc. Techn., 215, 142–150.
 
143.
TIAN Y., et al., 2017, Influences of Processing Parameters on Surface Roughness of Hastelloyx Produced by Selective Laser Melting, Additive Manuf., 13, 103–112.
 
144.
FOX J.C., MOYLAN S.P., LANE B.M., 2016, Effect of Process Parameters on the Surface Roughness of Overhanging Structures in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing, Proc. CIRP, 45, 131–134.
 
145.
SUFIIAROV V.S., et al., 2017, The Effect of Layer Thickness at Selective Laser Melting, Proc. Eng., 174, 126–134.
 
146.
O'NEILl W., et al., 1999, Investigation on Multi-Layer Direct Metal Laser Sintering of 316L Stainless Steel Powder Beds, Annals of the CIRP, 48/1, 151–154.
 
147.
GOVEKAR E., et al., 2018, Study of an Annular Laser Beam Based Axially-Fed Powder Cladding Process, CIRP Annals, 67, 241–244.
 
148.
KOIKE R., et al., 2018, Controlling Metal Structure with Remelting Process in Direct Energy Deposition of Inconel 625, CIRP Annals, 67, 237–240.
 
149.
MUGWAGWA L., et al., 2018, Influence of Process Parameters on Residual Stress Related Distortions in Selective Laser Melting, Proc. Manuf., 21, 92–99.
 
150.
MCCANN R., et al., 2021, In-Situ Sensing, Process Monitoring and Machine Control in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Review, Additive Manuf., 45, 102058.
 
151.
LEACH R.K., et al., 2019, Geometrical Metrology for Metal Additive Manufacturing, CIRP Annals., 68, 677–700.
 
152.
TAHERKHANI K., et al., 2021, Development of a Defect-Detection Platform Using Photodiode Signals Collected from the Melt Pool of Laser Powder-Bed Fusion, Additive Manuf., 46, 102152.
 
153.
BERTOLI U.S., et al., 2017, In-Situ Characterization of Laser-Powder Interaction and Cooling Rates Through High-Speed Imaging of Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing, Materials and Design, 135, 385–396.
 
154.
ZHENG L., et al., 2019, Melt Pool Boundary Extraction and its width Prediction from Infrared Images in Selective Laser Melting, Materials and Design, 183, 108110.
 
155.
MAUCHER C., WERKLE K.T., MÖHRING H.-C., 2021, In-Situ Defect Detection and Monitoring for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using a Multi-Sensor Build Platform, Proc. CIRP, 104, 146–151.
 
156.
WISCHEROPP T.M., et al., 2019, Measurement of Actual Powder Layer Height and Packing Density in a Single Layer in Selective Laser Melting, Additive Manuf., 28, 176–183.
 
157.
BUGATTI M., COLOSIMO B.M., 2022, The Intelligent Recoater: a New Solution for in-Situ Monitoring of Geometric and Surface Defects in Powder Bed Fusion, Additive Manuf. Letters, 3, 100048.
 
158.
BECKER D., BOLEY S.; EISSELER R., STEHLE T., MÖHRING H.-C., ONUSEIT V., HOßFELD M., GRAF T., 2021, Influence of a Closed‑Loop Controlled Laser Metal Wire Deposition Process of S Al 5356 on the Quality of Manufactured Parts Before and After Subsequent Machining, Prod. Eng., 15, 489–507.
 
159.
FREEMAN F.S.H.B., et al. 2022, Multi-Faceted Monitoring of Powder Flow Rate Variability in Directed Energy Deposition, Additive Manuf. Letters, 2, 100024.
 
160.
SASSAMAN D.M., et al., 2022, Design of an In-Situ Microscope for Selective Laser Sintering, Additive Manuf. Letters, 2, 100033.
 
161.
SIDDIQUE S., et al., 2015, Computed Tomography for Characterization of Fatigue Performance of Selective Laser Melted Parts, Materials & Design, 83, 661–669.
 
162.
MORONI G., PETRO S., 2018, Segmentation-Free Geometrical Verification of Additively Manufactured Components by X-Ray Computed Tomography, CIRP Annals, 67, 519–522.
 
163.
ZANINI F., et al., 2019, Characterisation of Additively Manufactured Metal Surfaces by Means of X-Ray Computed Tomography and Generalised Surface Texture Parameters, CIRP Annals, 68, 515–518.
 
164.
WANG H., et al., 2022, In Situ X-Ray and Thermal Imaging of Refractory High Entropy Alloying During Laser Directed Deposition, J. of Mat. Proc. Tech., 299, 117363.
 
165.
IOANNIDOU C., et al., 2022, In-Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Analysis of Metal Additive Manufacturing: Current State, Opportunities and Challenges, Materials & Design, 219, 110790.
 
166.
TOWNSEND A., et al., 2016, Surface Texture Metrology for Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review, Prec. Eng., 46, 34–47.
 
167.
ACEVEDO R., et al., 2020, Residual Stress Analysis of Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Parts Using Ultrasonic Waves: State of the Art Review, J. of Mat. Res. Techn., 9/4, 9457–9477.
 
168.
FOROOZMEHR A., et al., 2016, Finite Element Simulation of Selective Laser Melting Process Considering Optical Penetration Depth of Laser in Powder Bed, Materials and Design, 89, 255–263.
 
169.
MASOOMI M., THOMPSON S.M., SHAMSAEI N., 2017, Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Ti-6Al-4V Parts: Thermal Modeling and Mechanical Implications, Int. J. of Mach. T. Manuf. 118–119, 73–90.
 
170.
MÖHRING H.-C., STEHLE T., MAUCHER C., BECKER D., BRAUN S., 2019, Prediction of the Shape Accuracy of Parts Fabricated by Means of FLM Process Using FEM Simulations, J. of Mach. Eng., 19/1, 114–127.
 
171.
WEBER S., MONTERO J., BLECKMANN M., PAETZOLD K., 2020, A Comparison of Layered Tetrahedral and Cartesian Meshing in Additive Manufacturing Simulation, Procedia CIRP, 9/1, 522–527.
 
172.
LOH L.-E., et al., 2015, Numerical Investigation and an Effective Modelling on the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Process with Aluminium Alloy 6061, Int. J. of Heat Mass. Transf., 80, 288–300.
 
173.
DUONG E., et al., 2022, Scan Path Resolved Thermal Modelling of LPBF, Additive Manuf. Letters, 3, 100047.
 
174.
WIE H.L., et al., 2021, Mechanistic Models for Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components, Prog. Mat. Sci. 116.
 
175.
HEELING T., CLOOTS M., WEGENER K., 2017, Melt Pool Simulation for the Evaluation of Process Parameters Inselective Laser Melting, Additive Manuf. 14, 116–125.
 
176.
ZINOVIEV A., et al., 2016, Evolution of Grain Structure During Laser Additive Manufacturing. Simulation by a Cellular Automata Method, Materials and Design, 106, 321–329.
 
177.
RAI A., HELMER H., KÖRNER C., 2017, Simulation of Grain Structure Evolution During Powder Bed Basedadditive Manufacturing, Additive Manuf. 13, 124–134.
 
178.
CHEN F.,YAN W., 2020, High-Fidelity Modelling of Thermal Stress for Additive Manufacturing by Linking Thermal-Fluid and Mechanical Models, Materials and Design, 196, 109185.
 
179.
KHAIRALLAH S., ANDERSON A., 2014, Mesoscopic Simulation Model of Selective Laser Melting of Stainlesssteel Powder, J. of Mat. Proc. Techn. 214, 2627–2636.
 
180.
PANWISAWAS C., et al., 2017, Mesoscale Modelling of Selective Laser Melting: Thermal Fluid Dynamics and Microstructural Evolution, Comp. Mat. Sci., 126, 479–490.
 
181.
De BARTOLOMEIS A., NEWMAN S.T., JAWAHIR I.S., BIERMANN D., SHOKRANI A., Future Research Directions in the Machining of Inconel 718, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 297, 2021, 117260.
 
182.
PARK S.-H., et al., 2021, Surface Machining Effect on Material Behavior of Additive Manufactured SUS 316L, J. of Mat. Res. Techn., 13, 38–47.
 
183.
MÖHRING H.-C., BECKER D., 2021, Accuracy and Microstructure of Additively Manufactured and Post‐Machined Parts, Joint Special Interest Group meeting between euspen and ASPE, Advancing Precision in Additive Manufacturing, Inspire AG, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
 
184.
MÖHRING H.-C., BECKER D., EISSELER R., STEHLE T., REEBER T., 2022, Influence of the Manufacturing Parameters of an AlMg5 Wire–Based Hybrid Production Process on Quality and Mechanical Properties, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 119, 2445–2460.
 
185.
YADOLLAHI A., et al., 2015, Effects of Process Time Interval and Heat Treatment on the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Direct Laser Deposited 316L Stainless Steel, Mat. Sci. & Eng.: A, 644, 171–183.
 
186.
ABOULKHAIR N. et al., 2016, The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Selectively Laser Melted Alsi10mg: The Effect of a Conventional T6-Like Heat Treatment, Mat. Sci. & Eng.: A, 667, 139–146.
 
187.
OYELOLA O., et al., 2018, On the Machinability of Directed Energy Deposited Ti6Al4V, Additive Manuf., 19, 39–50.
 
188.
BORDIN A., et al., 2015, Analysis of Tool Wear in Cryogenic Machining of Additive Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy, Wear, 328–329, 89–99.
 
189.
MALAKIZADI A., et al., 2021, The Role of Microstructural Characteristics of Additively Manufactured Alloy 718 on Tool Wear in Machining, Int. J. of Mach. T. Manuf., 171, 103814.
 
190.
SEGEBADE E., et al, 2019, Influence of Anisotropy of Additively Manufactured Alsi10mg Parts on Chip Formation During Orthogonal Cutting, Proc. CIRP, 82, 113–118.
 
191.
LIZZUL L., SORGATO M., BERTOLINI R., GHIOTTI A., BRUSCHI S., 2021, Anisotropy Effect of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy on Surface Quality After Milling, Prec. Eng., 67, 301–310.
 
192.
EISSELER R., GUTSCHE D., MAUCHER C., MÖHRING H.-C., 2022, Inverse Determination of Johnson–Cook Parameters of Additively Produced Anisotropic Maraging Steel, Materials, 15/1, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1501....
 
193.
MAUCHER C., GUTSCHE D., MÖHRING H.-C., 2022, Investigation on Anisotropic Behaviour of Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel During Orthogonal Cutting, Procedia CIRP, 113, 294–300.
 
194.
MAUCHER C., MÖHRING H.-C., 2020, Optimized Support Structures for Postprocessing of Additively Manufactured Parts, MIC Proc., 141–146.
 
195.
FUCHS C., et al., 2020, Determining the Machining Allowance for WAAM Parts. Prod. Eng., 14, 629–637.
 
196.
JAEGER E., RAVISANKAR B., WIRTZ A., MEISSNER M., REHTANZ C., BIERMANN D., WIEDERKEHR P., 2021, Simulation-Based Analysis of the Energy Demand Within an Additive Subtractive Process Chain, Proc. CIRP, 99, 352–357.
 
197.
FEI J., et al., 2020, Effects of Machining Parameters on Finishing Additively Manufactured Nickel-Based Alloy Inconel 625, J. Manuf. Mater. Process, 4, 32.
 
198.
SEN C., et al., 2020, The Effect of Milling Parameters on Surface Properties of Additively Manufactured Inconel 939, Proc. CIRP, 87, 31–34.
 
199.
TEICH H., MAUCHER C., MÖHRING H.-C., 2021, Influence of LPBF Parameters and Strategies on Fine Machining of Pre-Built Bores, J. of Mach. Eng., 21/2, 91–101.
 
200.
YANG L., et al., 2020, Surface Integrity Induced in Machining Additively Fabricated Nickel Alloy Inconel 625, Proc. CIRP, 87, 351–354.
 
201.
BORDIN A., et al., 2017, Experimental Investigation on the Feasibility of Dry and Cryogenic Machining as Sustainable Strategies when Turning Ti6Al4V Produced by Additive Manufacturing, J. of Cleaner Prod., 142/4, 20 Januar, 4142–4151.
 
202.
BRUSCHI S., et al., 2016, Influence of the Machining Parameters and Cooling Strategies on the Wear Behavior of Wrought and Additive Manufactured Ti6Al4V for Biomedical Applications, Tribology Int., 102, 133–142.
 
203.
ALTINTAS Y., KERSTING P., BIERMANN D., BUDAK E., DENKENA B., LAZOGLU I., 2014, Virtual Process Systems for Part Machining Operations, CIRP Annals, 63, 585–605.
 
204.
UMARAS E., TSUZUKI M.S.G., 2017, Additive Manufacturing – Considerations on Geometric Accuracy and Factors of Influence, IFAC PapersOnLine, 5/1, 14940–14945.
 
205.
PARK H.S., ANSARI M.J., 2020, Estimation of Residual Stress and Deformation in Selective Laser Melting of Ti6Al4V Alloy, Proc. CIRP, 93, 44–49.
 
206.
SIMSON T., et al., 2017, Residual Stress Measurements on AISI 316L Samples Manufactured Byselective Laser Melting, Additive Manuf., 17, 183–189.
 
207.
DENLINGER E.R.; MICHALERIS P., 2016, Effect of Stress Relaxation on Distortion in Additive Manufacturingprocess Modeling, Additive Manuf., 12, 51–59.
 
208.
VASTOLA G., et al., 2016, Controlling of Residual Stress in Additive Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V Byfinite Element Modeling, Additive Manuf., 12, 231–239.
 
209.
STERN F., KLEINHORST J., TENKAMP J.; WALTHER F., 2019, Investigation of the Anisotropic Cyclic Damage Behavior of Selective Laser Melted AISI 316L Stainless Steel, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 42, https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13....
 
210.
HOOREWEDER B.V., KRUTH J.-P., 2017, Advanced Fatigue Analysis of Metal Lattice Structures Produced by Selective Laser Melting, CIRP Annals, 66, 221–224.
 
211.
BRINKSMEIER W., et al., 2010, Surface Integrity of Selective-Laser-Melted Components, CIRP Annals, 59/1, 601–606.
 
212.
SANAEI N., FATEMI A., 2021, Defects in Additive Manufactured Metals and their Effect on Fatigue Performance: A State-of-the-Art Review, Prog. Mat. Sci., 117, 100724.
 
213.
KOTZEM D., et al., 2021, Impact of Single Structural Voids on Fatigue Properties of AISI 316L Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Int. J. of Fatigue, 148, 106207.
 
214.
STERN F., TENKAMP J., WALTHER F., 2020, Non‑Destructive Characterization of Process‑Induced Defects and their Effect on the Fatigue Behavior of Austenitic Steel 316L Made by Laser‑Powder Bed Fusion, Progress in Additive Manufacturing, 5, 287–294.
 
215.
TESCHKE M., et al., Defect-Based Characterization of the Fatigue Behavior of Additively Manufactured Titanium Aluminides, Int. J. of Fatigue, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfa....
 
216.
WAN H., et al., 2016, Multi-Scale Damage Mechanics Method for Fatigue Life Prediction of Additive Manufacture Structures of Ti-6Al-4V, Mat. Sci. & Eng.: A, 669, 269–278.
 
217.
TENKAMP J., STERN F., WALTHER F., 2022, Uniform Fatigue Damage Tolerance Assessment for Additively Manufactured and Cast Al-Si Alloys: an Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanical Approach, Additive Manuf. Letters, 3, December, 100054, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addl....
 
218.
MALAKIZADI A., et al., 2022, Post-Processing of Additively Manufactured Metallic Alloys – A Review, Int. J. of Mach. T. Manuf., 179, 103908.
 
 
CITATIONS (1):
1.
Prediction of residual strain/stress validated with neutron diffraction method for wire-feed hybrid additive/subtractive manufacturing
Yousub Lee, Thomas Feldhausen, Chris M. Fancher, Peeyush Nandwana, Sudarsanam S. Babu, Srdjan Simunovic, Lonnie J. Love
Additive Manufacturing
 
eISSN:2391-8071
ISSN:1895-7595
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top